Pricing strategy and Channel Distribution

Table of Contents Pricing strategy Pricing tactics Legal and ethical issues Marketing distribution channel Distribution strategy Reference List Pricing strategy Pricing strategy is an approach to pricing that every marketer is expected to use in relation to the company’s products. Pricing decisions should be critically approached because they play an important role on consumer demand and the competitiveness of a company’s product (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010, p. 32).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Pricing strategy and Channel Distribution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prices should be effectively determined to maintain a good balance between profits and production. In most occasions, pricing strategy has been based on the costs of production (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010, p. 48). Apart from the costs of production, other external and internal factors should also be considered when coming up wi th a price. As a matter of fact, pricing strategy plays a critical role in product positioning. In addition, it also affects other elements that make up a marketing mix. This means that there are various ways that can be used to determine the price of a given product. Pricing can be either competition based, cost plus, loss leader, market oriented, price leadership, limit, target, absorption, marginal, predatory, price discrimination or psychological pricing (Mohan, 2005, p. 26). A unique thinking cap will therefore apply the best pricing strategy for sustainability. This is because it has a lot of products that need a different approach to pricing. Penetration pricing strategy is mostly used to get a foothold in the market. This strategy is vital for companies that want to enter new markets with established players. In this case, prices are set at low levels to grab customers’ attention. In the long run, they will have more interest in the product. This helps to drive up sal es in the initial stages (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010, p. 47). Skimming pricing strategy sells products at very high prices with a high profit motive. High pricing is normally meant to offset the costs of research and development. This strategy is mostly used in electronic markets. As a matter of fact, it is only used for a limited duration of time before other tactics are employed (Mohan, 2005, p. 31). Pricing tactics Pricing tactics play an important role in product marketing. In this case, they have a direct impact on the competitiveness of a given product. Because companies face competition in the market, they have to keenly observe other products prices to come up with their own tactics (Shimizu, 2009, p. 62). In this case, prices can be the same with competitors’ products or they can be slightly lower. Product line pricing is mostly used when a company has more than one product in its line of products.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A unique thinking cap has a large product line like other competitors. The company has to compete with other established players like Aderans Co., Ltd. Aderans is the world’s largest manufacturer and distributor of caps and hair products. In addition, a unique thinking cap will also have to compete with Full lace wigs company ltd that specializes in wigs. These companies have different sets of prices to suit diverse segments of the market. Prices range from $ 5 to $ 34 depending on the size and quality of the wig and cap. A unique thinking cap will adopt a unique pricing strategy in relation to different market segments. This is because caps and wigs are used by all age groups. For instance, the company’s prices will range from $ 4 to $ 32 as time goes by. The company has settled on this pricing approach because the market is always changing as competitors adjust their strategies for sustainabili ty. As a matter of fact, the company will be adjusting its prices depending on the prevailing market conditions. Prices should be set after giving the products a different look. As a matter of fact, a product can be dependent on one or the entire product line. This therefore leads to the emergence of different price points (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010, p. 51). Product line pricing should be used throughout the products life cycle. In addition, there should be strong product differentiation for sustainability (Shimizu, 2009, p. 42). Value pricing offers products at reasonable and fair prices. These prices are supposed to make sense to different consumers. This is because customers always want value for their money and this should be reflected in prices (Mohan, 2005, p. 29). Differential pricing can also be called discriminatory pricing. This is because a product ends up having different prices based on the type of customer or even the quantities that have been ordered. Pricing in this case can also be done based on the delivery time and other factors (Shimizu, 2009, p. 51). Legal and ethical issues There are various issues that are directly related to the pricing tactic that a given organization will choose to use. Ethical issues like social equity affect the pricing tactic in abroad way. This can be sliding versus fixed scale fees that will dictate the price. The impact and fairness of the price to the public should also be considered as this will affect consumer demand (Mohan, 2005, p. 36). There might be instances where a company is forced to disclose the costs of production. This will ultimately affect the pricing tactics as there will be a lot of scrutiny on prices. Different countries have laws that guide predatory pricing and this affects a company’s tactics (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010, p. 54). For instance, there are various legal guidelines in predatory pricing for pharmaceutical products to protect consumers.Advertising We will write a cust om report sample on Pricing strategy and Channel Distribution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other markets, there is a minimum pricing enforcement that affects the pricing tactics that a company might intend to use (Mohan, 2005, p. 43). This restricts product pricing within the set limits as violation might attract a lot of penalties (Shimizu, 2009, p. 73). Some countries have Competition acts and this can dictate pricing leaving a company without options in its pricing tactics. Pricing should be done within the law and expected societal ethics. Marketing distribution channel A marketing distribution channel defines the movement of products to the final consumer. Therefore, it is an important element of a given marketing mix (Mohan, 2005, p. 65). A good marketing and distribution channel ensures that products are readily available to the final consumers. As a matter of fact, it is a chain of intermediaries with each of them deliv ering the product down the chain until it reaches the final place (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010, p. 60). This channel can involve wholesalers, distributors and retailers. Although each of them might have his own goals and targets to achieve, they all have a common objective of ensuring that goods reach the final end user (Shimizu, 2009, p. 32). Therefore, in coming up with a marketing distribution channel, the producer should ensure that the needs of the channel members and the end user are attended to. All the chains in a marketing and distribution channel are bound together by the product and therefore end up forming strategic alliances for sustainability (Shimizu, 2009, p. 33). The needs of individual channel members can be different from the final consumer needs. In this case, channel members are more concerned with profit margins and incentives. Distribution strategy A distribution strategy outlines how a company will move products from the point of manufacture to final consumers (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010, p. 54). This should be done in a more effective and cost efficient manner. In a broad perspective, distribution strategy is part of a company’s marketing mix and determines the success of the product in the market (Shimizu, 2009, p. 69). It fits the product and service because customers should get products at the right time and place. Through an effective distribution channel, goods will reach their target destination without any problem and thereby enhance the marketing mix (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010, p. 26). Companies should develop effective distribution channels that will ensure that goods reach their target markets. A target market should be well identified and crafted in a company’s distribution channel for efficiency (Mohan, 2005, p. 23). Because of increased competition, a good distribution strategy should add value to the marketing mix.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After a company has identified its target market it should market itself well and ensure that consumers can access the product more cost effectively. This can only be achieved through an efficient distribution channel and strategy. Every company has its own marketing objectives as far as its products are concerned (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010, p. 47). As a matter of fact, a company’s marketing objective is to ensure that products reach the market without any problem. After creating awareness about a product, companies strive to ensure that the given product is physically present in the market (Shimizu, 2009, p. 35). This is only achieved through an effective distribution strategy. Wholesomely, a distribution strategy plays an important role in the achievement of a company’s marketing objectives. Reference List Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2010). Principles of Marketing. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Mohan, R, J. (2005). International Marketing. New Delhi: Oxford Un iversity Press. Shimizu, K. (2009). Advertising Theory and Strategies. Japan: Souseisha Book Company. This report on Pricing strategy and Channel Distribution was written and submitted by user Jax Cameron to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cardiovascular System Essay Example

Cardiovascular System Essay Example Cardiovascular System Essay Cardiovascular System Essay Explain why you did this lab and what if any safety precautions needed to be followed. The purpose of this exercise is to gain knowledge and become familiar with the components of blood and blood cells. In order to do this, a prepared slide as well as a slide using my own blood were used. The different types of cells along with antigen-antibody reactions of the ABA and Re blood groups were understood by examining and identifying the reactions of my blood with the reagents. The safety concerns associated with this exercise are properly handling and using he microscope so as not to accidentally drop it. In order to reduce accidents while handling the microscope, use both hands to properly move and support the microscope. Other safety concerns associated with this exercise are basic lab precautions, including keeping a clean workspace, washing your hand after dealing with chemicals and blood, and using precaution when obtaining blood samples. In order to ensure that this occurs, layout the equipment beforehand In a clean sterile environment and clean the work space after experiment. By doing so, this reduces he risk of contamination or cutting yourself when using the tools. Use gloves, masks. And goggles at all times. Questions A. What are the components of blood? The components of blood are plasma, platelets, red blood cells (erythrocytes), and white blood cells (leukocytes). B. What Is the function of red blood cells? The function of red blood cells are to carry oxygen to your cells and remove carbon dioxide from your cells. They have a biconcave shape like a donuts, which allows them to bend and squeeze into the smallest of blood vessels. C. List the five types of leukocytes and describe the function of each. The five types Interruption defends the body from bacterial organisms Sinkholes defends against parasites and reduces damage from mast cells Basophilic help increase blood flow and decrease inflammation by releasing serotonin and histamines Monocots help with immune defense and rebuild damaged tissue. Produce proteins for the body and antigens, which stimulate antibody production Lymphocytes helps the body immune system. They consist of B and T cells. B cells release antibodies into the body fluids, and T cells directly attack viruses. D. What did you learn making a blood smear slide? By making a blood smear slide, the fresh blood allows for an optimal sample, preventing cellular distortion that normal occurs from prepared slides. The blood smear slide showed platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. Thus, the slide enabled for further learning and understanding of the components of blood and blood cells, as well as proper identification of each type of cell. Exercise 2: Blood Typing A. Describe how the ABA blood typing system works. The ABA blood typing system is a classification system for human blood, which identifies four major blood types based on the presence or absence of two antigens agglutinations), A and B substances (globetrotting), on red blood cell membranes. The four blood types are A, B, ABA, and O (lack both antigens). The presence of A and B substances on red blood cells is determined by the presence of specific alleles inherited from ones parents. The alleles are co- dominant, so a person who receives neither A or B allele is Type O blood, a person who receives only A allele is Type A blood, a person who receives only B allele is Type B blood, and a person who receives both A and B alleles is Type ABA blood. If your blood cells stick together when mixed with: Anti-A serum, you have type A blood Anti-B serum, you have type B blood Both anti-A and anti-B serums, you have type ABA blood Does not mix with anti-A and anti-B serums, you have type O blood If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-Re serum, you have type Re-positive blood. If your blood does not clot when mixed with anti-Re serum, you have type Re-negative blood. Everyone to know their own blood type because in case of an emergency and a blood transfusion or organ transplant is needed, it saves time and prevents further complication by knowing your blood type. If an individual is transfused with the wrong type of blood, a reaction that severely compromises the immune system can occur. Also, by knowing your blood type, you can donate blood when needed. In the case of females, knowing your blood type is also significant during pregnancy and for the unborn fetus. In cases when mothers blood type does not match the babys, it is possible that the mothers body to develop antibodies to defend against the red blood cells of the fetus. In order to prevent the fetus being born with a blood disorder because of this, knowing your blood type can help doctors create a retirement to combat the antibodies. C. Describe what would happen if type A blood were transfused into a person with type B blood. People with type A blood have A antigens on their blood cells and anti-B antibodies in their blood. People with type B blood have B antigens on their blood cells and anti-A antibodies in their blood. If type A blood were transfused into a person with type B blood, the anti-A antibodies the patient has in their blood will attack the incoming A antigen blood cells and mark them for removal by the immune system and destroy them. This would result in other complications such as, fever, hills, chest or back pain, bleeding, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, rapid drop in blood pressure, and kidney damage.

Construct a sonnet of 14 exact lines based on milton's paradise lost Essay

Construct a sonnet of 14 exact lines based on milton's paradise lost book 5 - Essay Example According to Raphael, when God appointed his Son as King of heaven, Satan was jealous and refused to accept the appointment. Sneaking away in the night with a third of the host of heaven, Satan convinced them that they were equal to the Son and should not have to bow to him. Only one angel, Abdiel, stood up to argue that because they were made by God, God was of a more refined nature even than themselves and so his son must also be. It is only through God that the angels have the wonderful life they have and therefore they should be glad to take example of what is right and good from both God and Son. Satan argued back that because they cannot remember being created, they must have made themselves and are therefore equal to God. Other arguments he brings into the discussion include ideas of skepticism, freedom, equality, and natural right (Hooker, 1996). Abdiel warns of the impending doom descending as the punishing arm of God, but still leaves

Acceptable Use Policy & Security Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Acceptable Use Policy & Security Audit - Essay Example In a sense, AUP provides a way to carry out things in an organization’s information systems. Any unacceptable behavior that is not outlined in the AUP is liable to lawful action. In conducting a security audit in my computer, I am currently using Windows 7. I have not conducted any OS updates in the past 3 weeks. In addition, there are some software application updates, like You Tube downloaders, IDM, which I have not conducted an update to date. I use the Firefox browser version 3.2 in my computer, a version which is already outdated and would require update to a recent version (Harriett 63). I usually use a registered Kaspersky antivirus, though it is seems that is has not been updated for the past 1 month. I usually used the antivirus to conduct a full system scan on my computer, which it always eliminates most of the viruses. My computer has the admin and user account. Admin is for me and is password protected while the user account does not have a password and any one can use it (Harriett 89). The security level of the user accounts does not exist. It is only in the administrator side that my security level on my crucial files is good. Firewall is always enabled to prevent entry of unknown viruses and trojans in to my computer (Harriett 67). Currently I have a screen saver, though it does not require a password to clear

Polygyny Should not Be Legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Polygyny Should not Be Legal - Essay Example The definition of a marriage is the union of a man and a woman but not multiple partners. This therefore implies that inclusion of several partners redefines the meaning of marriage, as people have known it throughout human history. Although certain individuals may have the financial capacity to take care of their multiple partners, this act is simply immoral. For instance, in the case of polygyny, the woman is undermined. This implies that women are given low status in the society because they are owned in a similar way as properties. This is morally wrong and can only be avoided if polygyny is illegal. In the case of polyandry, it would be very difficult for a single woman to play the roles of a wife to several husbands (DÃ ­ez MInguela, 2011). In addition, there would be too many children and chores to take care of for the woman. This is not to mention the possibility of conflict eruption in the family if the husbands do not agree on certain aspects. Polyandry continues to oppress against women. This is because in most instances, especially in the developing world, women are usually forced to get married since their parents view them as a waste of money if allowed to attend school. The issue gets worse when they are forced to get married to elderly men at tender ages (Tertilt, 2003). From this perspective, women are deprived of the right to choose what they wish to do. This adds to oppression against the female population and can be avoided if polyandry is illegal. If it were prohibited, women would have the chance to attend school and participate in developing their countries. Additionally, this practice goes against the teachings of the Holy Scriptures. This is because besides requiring a man to be committed to one wife, the Holy Scriptures also requires both to be faithful to each other.

Effects of family arrangements on child development

Effects of family arrangements on child development Describe cultural variations in family arrangements and critically examine psychological research on the effects of these family arrangements on childrens development. Marriage is the basis of households that are formed; a neolocal household consists of a married couple creating a new home. One main family type arrangement is the nuclear family. Lee (1987) this arrangement consists of three main positions. The members being within the household sets a presence, so the number of members does not make a nuclear family more compelling. In a patrilocal family, the new couple join the house of the husband and form a new home. In a matrilocal family the home is set up in the wifes birth home. Matri and Partilocal families are also extended/joint families; this is where members of different generations also live in the house. The older generations uphold a power role and are highly respected. The joint/ extended families usually consist of three or more generations in one house. However, there are non- residential extended families this arrangement is where they live near to the home and communal activities and eat with the other household. Extended family arrangements has its advantages such as being supportive in hard times, however there are disadvantages such as them becoming interfering in the independence and restrict the other younger members life Goodwin, Adatia et al 1997. Family structures are mostly dependant on social and economic circumstances as well as cultural values. Joint families are more likely to see having a bigger family as an important source of secure labour and importance. This is mostly deemed to be important when the wage labour is not the principal economic form. A hierarchical and authoritarian structure is often developed gradually within a joint family structure; this is in order to operate in a smooth manner, and to stress obedience and respect for authority and family reputation. Stropes-Roe and Cochrane, 1989. Extended family living situations have often been exaggerated; this was noticed by Goode 1963, when he researched family systems. An example of this is from family structures in China, whereby the family structure was under attack as the newer generations saw this structure within the household as a negative issue, as they stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the traditional family is being wiped out without being replacedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Levy 1949. In the rural areas of China the extended family arrangement is becoming extinct, as the census revealed that the nuclear family is becoming a more common arrangement, reasons for this change may stem from economical reasons, as high mortality rates have increased in the poorer regions due to financial issues which made it difficult for families to extend their homes to accommodate for more people. However, as this change was occurring in China a new form of living developed, this was known the stem family. Stem families consist of parents, their unmarried children and one married child with a partner and children. This arrangement suited children living with their parents due to the lack of housing made available to new buyers and the newly married couple may take advantage of the free accommodation whilst saving to buy further accommodation and the babysitting facilities whilst both parents attend to work. However, instead of contributing more to the elders within an extended family, the young would now benefit more and taking more than they are returning Tsui 1989. This shows that Chinese families can adapt very well in order to suit the socio-political conditions and the environment within the modern family. Overall this demonstrates the functional value of family which is to provide solidarity and material support in difficult times Yang 1988. Also like China the extended family arrangement is rare and only dominant amongst large landowners as they are able to support their large families. Research carried out from Al-Thakeb 1985 found that the extended family has never been the main family structure amongst families living in Arab cultures. This was found by studying nine different Arab countries. Although Al-Thakeb stated that the extended family has never been the main family form in Arab cultures. Due to the family being an independent wedded family this does not mean that the family bonds are weak. As in Arab countries it has been known that the relationship between family members is strong, due to living in close areas to their brothers and sisters, so this arrangement has its rewards as economic cooperation and emotional support is available for the family members. Within the Iran households, housing is a major problem which results in extended families being reduced in size, whilst intensive migration among the rural population has led to the weakening of larger household groups. In turn has led to the separation of extended families, whereby new couples leave their parents and form their own household separately. Meanwhile in Japan a different concept has been applied within household arrangements. The Japanese family structure is like the American family household arrangement; a nuclear setting. Economical reasons are adapted within families here as well, as the retired parents are more likely to live with their children due to economic reasons. However due to many cultural variations in family arrangements, childrens development in society may differ; although there are some similarities as well. The difference in how parents socialise with their children, affects the childs socialisation on childrens development. There are many different parenting styles that are adopted. Steinberg et al 1989 put forward suggestions of three different parenting styles. The first one being psychological autonomy which is the degree to which parents encourage their children to be independent. The second description is parental involvement this is where parents are actively involved in their childs lives. Lastly, the third style is behavioural control this is measured by the degree of how much the parents try to control their childs behaviour and activities. There are two main types of societies within cultures, one being collectivist: this is where the society is involved with the communitys life. The community encourages obedience to authority. In collectivist societies obligation is highly ritualised. The family arrangements that tend to stem from these societies are extended/ joint families mainly. On the other hand there are individualistic societies whereby children are encouraged to develop their own opinions. The family arrangement that mainly stems from this society is the nuclear family. Research into comparing the different societys views on parental upbringing. Larano 1997 conducted research in Canada. Children from different ethnic minorities a list of individualistic and collectivist activities and a parental monitoring scale. The results found showed that collectivist children perceived their parents as being more controlling and less involved with them than individualistic children. This research suggests that the childre n may have come to these conclusions as they live a particular life, for example if a child lived the collectivist extended family life, then it could be argued that the child may perceive the other way of doing things as the better way as it differs from the norm they have to abide by. In China there is continuing evidence for strong parental nurturance and support even when the child has grown up, although the Chinese parenting style is largely authoritarian and involves high levels of regulation from parents in order to ensure proper behaviour. This doesnt mean that children fail to develop autonomy, but may mean that they do so at a later age than children in the more individualistic cultures was found by Schneider et al 1997. One comparison that has been made into the difference between how a child is brought up in cultural difference within families is between Japanese and Israeli families. In Japan children are strongly bonded to their families, with the Japanese mother keen to harmonise her needs with those of her child, which shows the family arrangement between mother and child to be an important one, with the child growing up with a close bond with its mother. Japanese children are constantly in contact with their mothers and are rarely left alone Tobin 1992. Babies are often carried around on their mothers backs and there is a constant non-verbal interaction between parent and child. In comparison the Israeli mothers put forward a more independent upbringing style, and favour the idea of children being independent and self sufficient. As a result of this the Israeli mother may encourage the child ability to be alone as an example of their childs emotional independence, while the Japanese mother may value the child development of social relationships. In Britain different ethnic groups have different attitudes towards the socialisation of their children and their development. Asian families tend to be based with an extended family arrangement. Asian families and in particular Muslim, parents are highly protective of their daughters, fearing British societys drugs problems and its undue emphasis on sex Singh Ghuman 1994. In some cultures polygamous marriages are accepted, this is where a person may be married to more than one partner. On the other hand in most cultures monogamous families are more commonly recognised; one single partner. However, it would raise the question as to whether such a family arrangement affects the development of children Alean Al-Krenawi et al investigated this matter. 146 participants were involved in the study; they consisted of children who were involved in either polygamous family or a monogamous family. The children were tested through a questionnaire which was later analysed. The children from monogamous families had higher levels of learning achievement than the children from polygamous families, which in turn meant that the monogamous children adjusted to school framework better, unlike the polygamous children as much. This shows that these children suffer a disadvantage from living within such a large family, as they experience an overall educational disadvantage and social difficulties as well. The Results also showed that the conflict rating of the children from a large family background; polygamous had a higher rating. It was also found that the fathers level of education tended to be inversely correlated with family size in terms of both number of children and number of wives. These results show that due to these learning difficulties children are faced from living in such situations, that now the teachers my become aware of such problems, as it may be assumed that children from polygamous families may drop out of school early, and may be more at risk of falling for bad habits such as drugs and theft. It was stated that the problem should be overcome by focussing on the recognition of polygamy as a particular risk factor, along with the expectation that over time higher levels of paternal education may well lead to smaller families and more attention to the emotional and social needs of the children. Due to the findings issues within the polygamous families such as tension caused from other wives and step siblings, could be worked on, as it may be an issue affecting the childrens development. It could be argued that the wives could perhaps be encouraged to perceive one another as partners rather than opponents, and in turn the half siblings could also foll ow this principle to help improve the overall family relationship within the household. However there are limitations to this research such as, individual differences have not been considered as some children may just not be very into school life, and that the failure to achieve well isnt to do with the family arrangement at home. Another limitation is that the polygamous families that were researched only had two wives, so it cannot be widely generalised to polygamous families as they differ in sizes, therefore it cannot be stated that even larger polygamous families have a bigger affect on childrens development. A further limitation is that the study was based on a sample of one race, which again makes it harder to generalise the results to other races. With all these limitations it must not be forgotten that the research still shows us that living arrangements and differences such as monogamous and polygamous families do impact the children educational development at school to some extent. Nuclear and extended families affect childrens development as some research has suggested that these living arrangements may cause some psychological stress in childhood. An examination of lifestyles within the inner cities of non-industrial countries highlights the changes in family life this was noted by Abdel Rahim Cederblad, 1980 An example of this is from Sudan families as they traditionally consist of three or more generations, with siblings living side by side and sharing domestic duties and economic responsibilities. Marriages occur early and are arranged by parents; they are frequently between cousins or other family relations Abdelrahman Morgan, 1987.Authority in these extended households usually rests with the grandfather. The grandmother plays a central role in child care and the transmission of cultural identity to her grandchildren. In turn, the extended family is embedded within the wider communal structure of the tribe. This type of social structure encourages conformity to standards of conduct which are seen to be acceptable according to tradition and so promotes social stability. At the same time, gives a sense of communal responsibility for the upbringing of children. Up until the age of weaning a mother has the main responsibility for care. After weaning the responsibility for care and discip line is shared within both the immediate family, and to a lesser extent among the other responsible adults living with the immediate family. In the research conducted by Abdel Rahim Cederblad, 1980 the relation between emotional and social development and family structure in the Sudanese capital, Khartoum, was examined. Children between the ages of 4 and 9 living in extended and nuclear families were compared on mothers ratings of a range of childhood problems. Analysis revealed that children in nuclear families had more conduct, emotional, and sleep problems, poorer self-care, and were more likely to be over dependent than those living in extended families. They were also less likely to be breast fed, to be weaned later, and to have grandmothers involved in child care. Linear multiple regression revealed that, of these 3 childcare factors, grandmothers involvement was the strongest predictor of normal social and emotional adjustment. The possible protective characteristics of the extended family are discussed in relation to the importance of the grandmother as maternal advisor, social support, and socialization agent. However this research does face some limitations such as results of the study may be influenced by factors not studied here. First, it is possible that mothers reports were affected by some systematic bias in reporting. Although both groups reported spending the same amount of time with their children, reporting bias may be due to differences in the mental health of nuclear and extended family mothers Lancaster, Prior, Adler,1989 or variation in the standards of conduct deemed acceptable by them Sonuga-Barke, Minocha, Taylor, Sandberg. These questions centre on the relation between actual deviance and parental perceptions and cannot be addressed without direct observation of the childs behaviour. Second, the relation between child development and family structure reported in the study might be mediated by the effects of stressful life events, such as migration. In a recent study. El Farouk (1991) examined the makeup of a representative sample of the large (34% of the total population; Population Census Office, 1989) migrant population living in Khartoum. More than half of the 266 migrant families studied included three generations. This is similar to the proportion found in the non migrant population and suggests that migration would not selectively affect childhood adjustment in the nuclear families in the present study. The findings imply that the meaning and protective significance of factors is conditional on cultural context as well as developmental status and history. Global ideals of human conduct operating within different cultures directly influence the meaning and significance of personal and intergenerational relationships within families. The impact of family life on child development is mediated by a set of beliefs about the extent to which a particular family structure is consistent with those ideals. In Sudanese culture, as in many traditional societies, social life is governed by ideals of communal interdependence, intergenerational harmony, and social conformity motivated by feelings of collective responsibility and filial piety. In extended families, the physical proximity, emotional intimacy, and (grand-) parental authority are consistent with these ideals. So far the issues that have been mentioned are that family arrangements can affect children development in educational aspects such as the childrens performance at school, and the differences between nuclear and extended family arrangements in regards to development. Another aspect that some research has found that family arrangements may affect is the nutrition and physical growth of children in their development this was researched by Tinkew and DeJong 2004. They looked into the influence of household structure and resource dilution features. The study aimed to compare the impact of different types of household structures such as single parent, multiple parents, extended and cohabitating, and the influence this had on childrens nutrition. They also aimed to investigate whether household structure and household resources interact to affect child nutrition. The results were collated from the Jamaica 1996 Living Standards Measurement Study Survey and other sources. The findings showed that living in a single parent household and cohabitating household increases the odds of stunting for children. The analysis also indicates that children in single parent families with low income and have siblings are more likely to have low height for age, as well as low income extended families with siblings. The key policy implication that is shown through this study is that household structure is important for understanding childrens nutritional outcomes in the Caribbean. This research was beneficial as it highlighted that household arrangements does have some impact on childrens development in regards to health issues. However, it can be criticised as the findings would be more reliable if a larger sample was used and the use of longitudinal data was used instead of cross sectional data, as this would be useful for capturing changes over time in childrens nutritional statuses as well as changes in household structures. Longitudinal data would be especially useful for understanding how changes in household structure can influence child nutrition given the variability of households in the Caribbean, and other changes in composition across the developmental cycle of the household. It has been suggested that further research should also include measures of parental time allocations which would improve the understanding of how time used as a resource is used to affect child nutrition. Household structures effects could work through a variety of mechanisms, and a careful study of these processes is needed especially with regard to future research on this issue in the Caribbean context. In regards to whet her this research is useful, it shows us that there can be some cultural family arrangement issues that are proven to impact the nutritional development of children showing us that there arent just psychological differences; which most research suggests there is. Overall it could be suggested that there are many cultural variations within many different family arrangements. However, it is not completely clear whether the family arrangement directly affects the childs development for reasons such as every child and their development is different and we therefore cannot pin point what factors specifically affect development. Other factors such as sexual orientation, wealth of families, social status and class are all areas that could be researched further to help link the affects within child development. 3215

Feminism before the 20th Century Essay -- History Female Gender Papers

Feminism before the 20th Century For generations, women had been subjected to men. Women had no saying in what was going on around them, to what they wanted their lives to be, or even when it came to their bodies. Many women have raised their voices to protest against this subjugation, sometimes at great personal risk. Such is the French case of Marie Gouze(1748-93), who under the name Olympe de Gouges, wrote "Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizen." In this document Marie advocated for civic equality, as well as equal participation in political rights, women's right to vote, and equal education. She presented this document to Marie Antoinette in 1789. Unfortunately, the proposal was rejected and Marie was condemned to the guillotine by the radical Jacobin in the assembly, however the ideals have survived through the years. In the 19th century, due to the industrial revolution, a new middle class with wealth from land, trading, and factories, was created. The women of this class took Marie's ideals and created has come to be known as the feminist movement. These women were educated, and it was obvious to them the rights they were missing, because they saw how the men of their class had acquired these rights with the new found wealth. The goals of the Women's Movement in the 19th century were to get the vote, to archive equality in property rights, access to education, access to jobs and fair pay, divorce, and children's custody. In spite of a few changes women still where a long way from archiving equality at the end of the 19th century, so the women of the 20th century following in the foot step of their feminist ancestors continued the fight for the total realization of all of these goals. Women fight ... ...transformations can be seen as extensions of the goals set in the 19th century. Childcare can be seen as an extension, of the desire of women to work, since to be able to work someone had to take care of the children. Abortion, and the use of birth control, can be seen as an extension of the desire of women to run their own lives from choosing whom to marry, to choosing whom to vote for. So in one way or another, the transformations that feminism invoked in the 20th century are part of the next logical step after the transformation achieved in the 19th century because at the end, the supreme goal of feminism has always been total equality, or should we say liberation, in all areas, political, sexual, economical, and social. Word Cited: Howard Spodek, "The World's History," vol 2. 1998 Roy Macridis and Mark Hulliung, "Contemporary Political Ideologies," 1996